Ion exchange can be an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a organic. Generally the term can be used to denote the operations of purification, parting, and decontamination of aqueous and other ion-containing alternatives with stable polymeric or mineralic “ion exchangers”.
Typical ion exchangers are ion-exchange resins (functionalized porous or gel polymer), zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and ground humus. Ion exchangers are either cation exchangers, which exchange favorably incurred ions (cations), or anion exchangers, which exchange adversely billed ions (anions). There’s also amphoteric exchangers that can exchange both cations and anions concurrently. However, the simultaneous exchange of cations and anions can become more successfully performed in blended beds, that have an assortment of anion- and cation-exchange resins, or moving the cared for solution through a number of different ion-exchange materials.
Ion exchanges can be unselective or have binding tastes for several ions or classes of ions, depending on the chemical structure. This is dependent on how big is the ions, their fee, or their framework. Typical types of ions that can bind to ion exchangers are:
H+ (proton) and OH- (hydroxide).
Singly incurred monatomic ions like Na+, K+, and Cl-.
Doubly costed monatomic ions like Ca2+ and Mg2+.
Polyatomic inorganic ions like SO42- and PO43-.
Organic and natural bases, usually substances filled with the amine practical group -NR2H+.
Organic and natural acids, often substances made up of -COO- (carboxylic acid solution) functional teams.
Biomolecules that may be ionized: proteins, peptides, protein, etc.
Along with absorption and adsorption, ion exchange is a kind of sorption.
Ion exchange is a reversible process, and the ion exchanger can be regenerated or packed with advisable ions by cleansing with an excessive amount of these ions.
Archive | November, 2017
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A moneylender is a group who typically offers small personal loans at high rates of interest and is different from banks and financial institutions that typically provide such loans. The high interest rates charged by them is justified in many cases by the risk involved.
They play an active role in lending to people with less access to banking activities, such as the unbanked or underbanked or in situations where borrowers do not have good credit history. They sometimes lend to people like gamblers and compulsive shoppers who often get into debt.
Many countries have laws in place that required moneylenders to be registered, and set limits on the interest rates that may be charged. For example, in India licensed moneylenders are governed by Money Lenders Acts of respective states.
A paper from the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab found that people living in poverty tend to borrow money from moneylenders (as well as relatives) rather than banks. For example, in the Udaipur sample they used, 18% of those who borrowed money borrowed from moneylenders compared to 6.4% from a formal source (like a bank). In the urban Hyderabad sample, 52% of those who borrow money borrow from moneylenders compared to 5% from commercial banks.
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Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production. In the United Kingdom and South Africa a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine a pit, and the above-ground structures the pit head. In Australia, “colliery” generally refers to an underground coal mine. In the United States “colliery” has been used to describe a coal mine operation but nowadays the word is not commonly used.
Coal mining has had many developments over the recent years, from the early days of men tunnelling, digging and manually extracting the coal on carts, to large open cut and long wall mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of draglines, trucks, conveyors, hydraulic jacks and shearers.
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Newham London Borough Council ( listen) is the local authority for the London Borough of Newham. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in the United Kingdom capital of London. The council is unusual in that its executive function is controlled by a directly elected mayor of Newham, currently Robin Wales. Newham is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors. Newham London Borough Council comprises 59 Labour Party councillors and a solitary councillor expelled, with immediate effect from the Labour Party in 2017. The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced three local authorities: East Ham Borough Council, West Ham Borough Council and Woolwich Metropolitan Borough Council.
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Bitcoin Cash (BCH/BCC) is a hard fork of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. The fork occurred on August 1, 2017.
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COIN may make reference to:
Civic Openness in Discussions, collective bargaining practice
Collaborative creativity network, progressive teams
Counter-insurgency
Coin (music group) (often stylized Gold coin), an American indie pop band
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In finance, a loan is the lending of money from one individual, organization or entity to another individual, organization or entity. A loan is a debt provided by an entity (organization or individual) to another entity at an interest rate, and evidenced by a promissory note which specifies, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging, and date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset(s) for a period of time, between the lender and the borrower.
In a loan, the borrower initially receives or borrows an amount of money, called the principal, from the lender, and is obligated to pay back or repay an equal amount of money to the lender at a later time.
The loan is generally provided at a cost, referred to as interest on the debt, which provides an incentive for the lender to engage in the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and restrictions is enforced by contract, which can also place the borrower under additional restrictions known as loan covenants. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice any material object might be lent.
Acting as a provider of loans is one of the principal tasks for financial institutions such as banks and credit card companies. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a typical source of funding.
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The Mining industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes significantly to the economy of India. The GDP contribution of the mining industry varies from 2.2% to 2.5% only but going by the GDP of the total industrial sector it contributes around 10% to 11%. Even mining done on small scale contributes 6% to the entire cost of mineral production. Indian mining industry provides job opportunities to around 700,000 individuals.
As of 2012, India is the largest producer of sheet mica, the third largest producer of iron ore and the fifth largest producer of bauxite in the world. India’s metal and mining industry was estimated to be $106.4bn in 2010.
However, the mining in India is also infamous for human rights violations and environmental pollution. The industry has been hit by several high-profile mining scandals in recent times.
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The British five pound (£5) coin is a commemorative denomination of the pound sterling. Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin’s introduction in 1990. Two different portraits of the Queen have graced the coin, with the latest design by Ian Rank-Broadley being introduced in 1998. The coin has no standard reverse; instead it is altered each year to commemorate important events. Variant obverses have also been used on occasion.
The coin is a continuation of the crown, which after decimalisation become the commemorative twenty-five pence coin. The twenty-five pence was discontinued in 1981 after creating a large coin with such small value became prohibitively expensive. The five pound coin shares the same dimensions as the twenty-five pence coin but has a value twenty times greater.
Five pound coins are legal tender but are intended as souvenirs and are rarely seen in circulation. The coins are sold by the Royal Mint at face value and also, with presentation folders, at a premium to that face value. The 2010 coins, with such folders, were sold for £9.95 each.
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Options spreads are the basic building blocks of many options trading strategies. A spread position is entered by buying and selling equal number of options of the same class on the same underlying security but with different strike prices or expiration dates.
The three main classes of spreads are the horizontal spread, the vertical spread and the diagonal spread. They are grouped by the relationships between the strike price and expiration dates of the options involved.
Vertical spreads, or money spreads, are spreads involving options of the same underlying security, same expiration month, but at different strike prices.
Horizontal, calendar spreads, or time spreads are created using options of the same underlying security, same strike prices but with different expiration dates.
Diagonal spreads are constructed using options of the same underlying security but different strike prices and expiration dates. They are called diagonal spreads because they are a combination of vertical and horizontal spreads.
